Cost, emotional stress leading to enrollment challenges at colleges, study finds

Credit: Alison Yin for EdSource Today

Carpentry class at Laney College in Oakland in 2014.

Credit: Alison Yin for EdSource Today

Carpentry class at Laney College in Oakland in 2014.

Michael Burke

April 22, 2022

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Many adults across the United States who don’t attend college are interested in enrolling, but the high costs of attendance are preventing them from doing so. At the same time, significant numbers of students currently enrolled in college have recently considered dropping out, and they overwhelmingly point to emotional stress as the reason.

Those are among the main takeaways of a new study published Thursday by Gallup and the Lumina Foundation. From October to November 2021, Gallup surveyed more than 11,000 adults who are either enrolled in college, were previously enrolled in college or are prospective students to learn more about their higher education experiences.

The report comes as public colleges and universities across the country have suffered significant enrollment declines during the pandemic, something that is especially the case among community colleges. California is no exception to that trend: The state’s system of 116 community colleges lost about 15% of its enrollment in the 2020-21 academic year. One of the state’s four-year university systems, California State University, saw a systemwide drop of just 1.7% in 2021 but 17 of the 23 campuses saw some declines.

“Enrollment has plunged alarmingly,” Courtney Brown, the Lumina Foundation’s vice president for impact and planning, said in a statement. “To reverse this trend, we must understand students’ perspectives, especially those of non-traditionally aged students. This includes what barriers they face and the practices that support them. This survey offers insights that can help us meet today’s students where they are.”

Among students who have either dropped out of college or have never attended, cost is the most significant barrier, according to the survey. More than half of responders who have never attended college — 54% of them — cited cost as a very important factor in their decision to not enroll. A similar share of students who have dropped out also said cost was a very important reason, including 52% of students who dropped out during the pandemic.

The survey found that cost was a significant factor for students across races, with at least 50% of students across all races reporting it as such.

“This research confirms many people still view cost as the greatest barrier,” Stephanie Marken, Gallup’s executive director for education, said in a statement.

California’s community college system offers the cheapest tuition of any state nationally, and low-income students typically don’t have to pay any tuition thanks to programs like the state’s California College Promise Grant. Tuition is higher at the state’s four-year universities, CSU and the University of California, but because of the state’s generous Cal Grant financial aid awards, most in-state students at those systems also don’t pay any tuition or fees.

What many students in California struggle to afford is the state’s high living costs, especially housing, but also food and transportation.

It’s not clear how many students that participated in the Gallup survey are from California. Gallup surveyed 11,227 adults in the United States ages 18 through 59 for the study. The margin of error for results based on that sample was 1.4 percentage points. The surveyed population included 5,215 students at either a university or community college; 3,010 former students who withdrew from college; and 3,002 adults who have never enrolled in college.

The respondents were interviewed via an online portal and, according to the study, the data were weighted to match national demographics of gender, age, race and region.

Cost isn’t the only factor that’s stopping students from attending college, the study found. About 38% of unenrolled respondents also cited family reasons, such as childcare or adult caregiver responsibilities.

And even with those barriers, most former students have at least considered returning to college. A significant majority of students who dropped out during the pandemic — 85% — say they have considered returning to college. Additionally, 56% who dropped out prior to the pandemic say that in the past two years they’ve considered re-enrolling.

In California, state lawmakers and colleges have tried to re-engage former students and encourage them to return. Last year’s budget included $100 million for colleges to recruit students, which often involves staff calling former students directly and encouraging them to come back. This year’s budget is likely to include additional funding for those purposes.

Another key to ensuring that college enrollment doesn’t decline further is making sure that the students who are still enrolled don’t leave before finishing. The Gallup survey found that for many students, it’s been a struggle to stay enrolled in college. About 37% of students pursuing a bachelor’s or associate degree reported that it was difficult or very difficult to remain enrolled during the 2021-22 academic year. On a similar note, 41% of students working toward an associate degree and about one-third of students pursuing a bachelor’s say they have considered withdrawing.

For students who have considered dropping out, by far the most cited reason was emotional stress, with 71% saying that was among the most important factors leading to them considering withdrawing. That’s a big jump from last year’s survey, when just 24% of students pursuing an associate degree said emotional stress was a major reason they considered dropping out and 42% of students enrolled in a bachelor’s degree program cited it as a reason.

“While a growing mental health crisis challenged institutions prior to the pandemic, feelings of isolation and academic difficulties caused by the pandemic have exacerbated mental health struggles nationally,” the report states. “… Students are still struggling with their wellbeing, and it is posing a significant risk to their ability to complete their degrees.”

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