Students in the class of 2014 who never graduated because they were suspended from school will cost California an estimated $2.7 billion in increased criminal justice costs and lower taxes paid over the course of their lifetimes, according to a new study from two University of California researchers.
The researchers said they hoped putting a financial cost on school discipline practices that send students out of school would mobilize communities to urge their districts to lower suspension rates.
“This puts the price tag on it,” said Russell Rumberger, director of University of California Santa Barbara’s California Dropout Research Project and co-author of the report with Daniel Losen, director of UCLA’s Civil Rights Project at the Center for Civil Rights Remedies. “For people who say, ‘I don’t care about kids, jail ’em up or whatever,’ these are fiscal costs. It affects taxes, and your taxes are building more prisons.”
The $2.7 billion includes $809 million in direct taxpayer costs for criminal justice services as well as the reduced revenue that is generated by the lower wages earned by most who don’t hold a high school diploma. The total also includes $1.9 billion in social costs, such as reduced economic productivity and higher health care expenses. On average, a single person without a high school diploma will experience $579,820 in economic losses over a lifetime compared to a high school graduate, the report states.
The impact of school discipline practices on students, staff and communities has been under a state spotlight during the past several years, and as a result of the Obama administration’s “Rethink Discipline” initiative, a federal spotlight as well. U.S. Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos has yet to issue guidance to schools related to school discipline.
“California is a leader in addressing suspensions,” Losen said, noting that alternatives to suspensions, such as restorative justice and Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports, have become more commonly used in school districts. The shift has been prompted in part by the development of the new state education accountability system, which includes standardized test scores but will require districts to include other measures, including their suspension rates, in 2017-18. In addition, a district’s Local Control and Accountability Plan is required to show how a district is addressing high rates of suspension.
As school districts revise their accountability plans, the report recommends that parents and others in local communities use the report’s calculations to take note of the economic impact of school suspensions, and to urge districts to invest in training school staff in alternatives.
The researchers say that reluctance to spend funds on addressing racially disparate suspension rates in some districts “stems in part from a lack of awareness of the local economic impact of suspension from school.”
Rumberger and Losen tracked a cohort of students – the entire California high school class of 2014 – for three years starting in 10th grade, using data from the California Department of Education. Of the 480,000 students they followed, they found that students who were suspended had a 60 percent graduation rate, compared to the 83 percent graduation rate for non-suspended students – a 23 percentage point difference.
To figure out how much of that difference was due to suspensions, Rumberger and Losen looked at key risk factors for not graduating, including the number of failed classes and a low grade point average. They compared students who had those risk factors but had not been suspended with students who had those risk factors and were suspended. The researchers found that suspensions alone accounted for a 6.5 percentage point drop in graduation rates.
“What it tells us is that out of a 23 percentage point difference in graduation rates, roughly a quarter of the difference is due to suspension itself,” Rumberger said. He added in a statement, “It’s tragic; it’s bad economics; and it’s entirely avoidable.”
The researchers estimated the economic impact of the suspensions on the class of 2014 for all districts with more than 100 students. Suspensions in the Los Angeles Unified School District are estimated to result in $148 million in economic losses over the lifetimes of the 10th-grade cohort studied, the report said. The cost of suspensions in the Fresno Unified School District for the class of 2014 is estimated at $56 million; San Diego Unified suspensions of its students in that cohort will cost $38 million. Suspensions in San Francisco Unified and San Juan Unified are expected to cost $13 million each for the class of 2014.
A 1 percentage point drop in suspension rates for the 10th-grade cohort studied would create $180 million in economic savings, the report found. In Los Angeles Unified alone, a 1 percentage point drop would save California $25 million.
“As districts revise their goals and their budget for the next school year, they should understand the tremendous local cost savings that can be reaped locally by lowering suspension rates,” the report states.
District | Number of non-graduates due to suspensions* | Taxpayer cost (in millions) | Total losses (in millions) |
---|---|---|---|
STATE | 4621 | 809.17 | 2679.15 |
Los Angeles Unified | 255 | 44.68 | 147.94 |
Orange County Department of Ed | 101 | 17.61 | 58.31 |
Fresno Unified | 97 | 16.98 | 56.21 |
Kern High | 95 | 16.67 | 55.2 |
Los Angeles County Office of Education | 67 | 11.75 | 38.89 |
Sweetwater Union High | 67 | 11.65 | 38.57 |
San Diego Unified | 66 | 11.48 | 38.02 |
Fontana Unified | 65 | 11.36 | 37.61 |
San Bernardino City Unified | 59 | 10.4 | 34.45 |
Long Beach Unified | 59 | 10.38 | 34.37 |
Elk Grove Unified | 56 | 9.73 | 32.22 |
Modesto City High | 54 | 9.49 | 31.43 |
Santa Ana Unified | 46 | 7.99 | 26.46 |
Victor Valley Union High | 45 | 7.9 | 26.16 |
Twin Rivers Unified | 45 | 7.83 | 25.93 |
Grossmont Union High | 43 | 7.5 | 24.84 |
Antelope Valley Union High | 41 | 7.16 | 23.69 |
Oxnard Union High | 38 | 6.59 | 21.82 |
East Side Union High | 37 | 6.4 | 21.2 |
Baldwin Park Unified | 36 | 6.36 | 21.07 |
Chaffey Joint Union High | 36 | 6.32 | 20.91 |
Tracy Joint Unified | 34 | 5.98 | 19.79 |
Riverside Unified | 33 | 5.7 | 18.88 |
Merced Union High | 32 | 5.66 | 18.73 |
West Contra Costa Unified | 31 | 5.49 | 18.17 |
Rialto Unified | 31 | 5.4 | 17.86 |
Stockton Unified | 30 | 5.34 | 17.68 |
Pomona Unified | 30 | 5.32 | 17.6 |
Manteca Unified | 30 | 5.24 | 17.34 |
Oakland Unified | 30 | 5.22 | 17.3 |
Sacramento City Unified | 30 | 5.17 | 17.11 |
Salinas Union High | 29 | 5.13 | 17 |
Moreno Valley Unified | 28 | 4.95 | 16.39 |
Riverside County Office of Edu | 28 | 4.92 | 16.28 |
Corona-Norco Unified | 27 | 4.76 | 15.75 |
Santa Rosa High | 27 | 4.74 | 15.68 |
Mt. Diablo Unified | 27 | 4.71 | 15.6 |
San Joaquin County Office of E | 27 | 4.68 | 15.49 |
Vista Unified | 27 | 4.64 | 15.38 |
Vallejo City Unified | 26 | 4.53 | 15 |
Hesperia Unified | 25 | 4.46 | 14.77 |
Temecula Valley Unified | 24 | 4.21 | 13.94 |
Ceres Unified | 24 | 4.21 | 13.94 |
Central Union High | 24 | 4.18 | 13.83 |
Santa Maria Joint Union High | 23 | 4.11 | 13.61 |
Chino Valley Unified | 23 | 4.05 | 13.42 |
Roseville Joint Union High | 23 | 3.98 | 13.19 |
San Francisco Unified | 23 | 3.98 | 13.17 |
San Juan Unified | 23 | 3.95 | 13.06 |
Lodi Unified | 22 | 3.94 | 13.04 |
Kern County Office of Educatio | 22 | 3.9 | 12.93 |
Visalia Unified | 22 | 3.79 | 12.55 |
Clovis Unified | 21 | 3.71 | 12.29 |
Huntington Beach Union High | 21 | 3.62 | 11.98 |
Capistrano Unified | 21 | 3.61 | 11.95 |
Stanislaus County Office of Ed | 21 | 3.6 | 11.91 |
Anaheim Union High | 20 | 3.59 | 11.87 |
Fullerton Joint Union High | 20 | 3.59 | 11.87 |
Val Verde Unified | 20 | 3.55 | 11.76 |
San Jose Unified | 20 | 3.54 | 11.72 |
Calexico Unified | 19 | 3.39 | 11.23 |
Glendale Unified | 19 | 3.37 | 11.16 |
Newport-Mesa Unified | 19 | 3.37 | 11.16 |
Madera Unified | 19 | 3.36 | 11.12 |
El Dorado Union High | 19 | 3.35 | 11.08 |
Pasadena Unified | 19 | 3.35 | 11.08 |
Fairfield-Suisun Unified | 19 | 3.29 | 10.89 |
William S. Hart Union High | 19 | 3.28 | 10.86 |
Jurupa Unified | 19 | 3.24 | 10.74 |
Orange Unified | 18 | 3.22 | 10.67 |
Santa Clara County Office of E | 18 | 3.19 | 10.55 |
Hemet Unified | 18 | 3.11 | 10.29 |
Escondido Union High | 18 | 3.07 | 10.18 |
Peris Union High | 17 | 3.06 | 10.14 |
Liberty Union High | 17 | 3.05 | 10.1 |
Compton Unified | 17 | 3.05 | 10.1 |
Sequoia Union High | 17 | 2.98 | 9.87 |
Hayward Unified | 17 | 2.98 | 9.87 |
Inyo County Office of Educatio | 17 | 2.96 | 9.8 |
San Mateo Union High | 17 | 2.95 | 9.76 |
Oceanside Unified | 17 | 2.91 | 9.65 |
Palm Springs Unified | 17 | 2.9 | 9.61 |
Simi Valley Unified | 16 | 2.86 | 9.46 |
Merced County Office of Educat | 16 | 2.83 | 9.38 |
Montebello Unified | 16 | 2.82 | 9.35 |
Alameda County Office of Educa | 16 | 2.75 | 9.12 |
Adelanto Elementary | 15 | 2.71 | 8.97 |
Fremont Unified | 15 | 2.69 | 8.89 |
Central Unified | 15 | 2.69 | 8.89 |
Antioch Unified | 15 | 2.66 | 8.82 |
Redlands Unified | 15 | 2.61 | 8.63 |
Fresno County Office of Educat | 15 | 2.57 | 8.52 |
El Monte Union High | 14 | 2.53 | 8.37 |
Porterville Unified | 14 | 2.53 | 8.37 |
Petaluma Joint Union High | 14 | 2.49 | 8.25 |
Whittier Union High | 14 | 2.48 | 8.22 |
Cambell Union High | 14 | 2.47 | 8.18 |
Bellflower Unified | 14 | 2.47 | 8.18 |
Downey Unified | 14 | 2.45 | 8.1 |
Nevada County Office of Educat | 14 | 2.45 | 8.1 |
Gilroy Unified | 14 | 2.42 | 8.03 |
Pittsburg Unified | 14 | 2.39 | 7.91 |
Centinela Valley Union High | 13 | 2.36 | 7.8 |
Coachella Valley Unified | 13 | 2.36 | 7.8 |
San Leandro Unified | 13 | 2.36 | 7.8 |
Lake Elsinore Unified | 13 | 2.33 | 7.73 |
Torrance Unified | 13 | 2.31 | 7.65 |
Inglewood Unified | 13 | 2.29 | 7.58 |
ABC Unified | 13 | 2.28 | 7.54 |
Los Banos Unified | 13 | 2.28 | 7.54 |
Norwalk-La Mirada Unified | 13 | 2.27 | 7.5 |
Desert Sands Unified | 13 | 2.22 | 7.35 |
Paramount Unified | 12 | 2.07 | 6.86 |
Ventura County Office of Educa | 12 | 2.07 | 6.86 |
Yuba City Unified | 12 | 2.06 | 6.82 |
Marysville Joint Unified | 12 | 2.06 | 6.82 |
Turlock Unified | 12 | 2.05 | 6.78 |
Palmdale Elementary | 12 | 2.03 | 6.71 |
Apple Valley Unified | 12 | 2.01 | 6.67 |
Saddleback Valley Unified | 11 | 2 | 6.63 |
Vacaville Unified | 11 | 1.98 | 6.56 |
San Lorenzo Unified | 11 | 1.94 | 6.41 |
Fremont Union High | 11 | 1.92 | 6.37 |
Garden Grove Unified | 11 | 1.87 | 6.18 |
Nevada Joint Union High | 11 | 1.86 | 6.14 |
Hacienda la Puente Unified | 11 | 1.84 | 6.11 |
Placer Union High | 10 | 1.83 | 6.07 |
Natomas Unified | 10 | 1.82 | 6.03 |
Shasta Union High | 10 | 1.81 | 5.99 |
Santa Clara Unified | 10 | 1.8 | 5.95 |
Contra Costa County Office of | 10 | 1.74 | 5.77 |
Rowland Unified | 10 | 1.71 | 5.65 |
Burbank Unified | 10 | 1.7 | 5.62 |
Santa Barbara Unified | 10 | 1.7 | 5.62 |
Napa Valley Unified | 10 | 1.68 | 5.58 |
Lynwood Unified | 10 | 1.68 | 5.58 |
Colton Joint Unified | 9 | 1.66 | 5.5 |
Tulare Joint Union High | 9 | 1.66 | 5.5 |
San Gabriel Unified | 9 | 1.64 | 5.43 |
Chico Unified | 9 | 1.63 | 5.39 |
Morongo Unified | 9 | 1.63 | 5.39 |
Conejo Unified | 9 | 1.62 | 5.35 |
Ventura Unified | 9 | 1.58 | 5.24 |
Alvord Unified | 9 | 1.57 | 5.2 |
Lindsay Unified | 9 | 1.57 | 5.2 |
Oroville Union High | 9 | 1.55 | 5.13 |
Anderson Union High | 9 | 1.54 | 5.09 |
Monterey County Office of Educ | 9 | 1.49 | 4.94 |
Berkeley Unified | 8 | 1.47 | 4.86 |
Sanger Unified | 8 | 1.46 | 4.82 |
Lincoln Unified | 8 | 1.46 | 4.82 |
Milpitas Unified | 8 | 1.45 | 4.79 |
Barstow Unified | 8 | 1.45 | 4.79 |
Irvine Unified | 8 | 1.39 | 4.6 |
Hermosa Beach City Elementary | 8 | 1.39 | 4.6 |
Snowline Joint Unified | 8 | 1.39 | 4.6 |
Oakdale Joint Unified | 8 | 1.39 | 4.6 |
Folsom-Cordova Unified | 8 | 1.38 | 4.56 |
Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified | 8 | 1.38 | 4.56 |
Covina-Valley Unified | 8 | 1.37 | 4.52 |
Ukiah Unified | 8 | 1.34 | 4.45 |
Woodland Joint Unified | 8 | 1.33 | 4.41 |
El Rancho Unified | 8 | 1.32 | 4.37 |
Coalinga-Huron Unified | 8 | 1.32 | 4.37 |
Pleasanton Unified | 7 | 1.31 | 4.33 |
Western Placer Unified | 7 | 1.31 | 4.33 |
New Haven Unified | 7 | 1.27 | 4.22 |
South San Francisco Unified | 7 | 1.25 | 4.15 |
Lemoore Union High | 7 | 1.25 | 4.15 |
South Monterey County Joint Un | 7 | 1.25 | 4.15 |
Gonzales Unified | 7 | 1.25 | 4.15 |
Amador County Unified | 7 | 1.22 | 4.03 |
Tulare County Office of Educat | 7 | 1.21 | 3.99 |
Rocklin Unified | 7 | 1.18 | 3.92 |
San Marcos Unified | 7 | 1.17 | 3.88 |
Paso Robles Joint Unified | 7 | 1.16 | 3.84 |
Hanford Joint Union High | 7 | 1.15 | 3.81 |
Castro Valley Unified | 7 | 1.15 | 3.81 |
Davis Joint Unified | 7 | 1.15 | 3.81 |
Center Joint Unified | 6 | 1.13 | 3.73 |
Bonita Unified | 6 | 1.12 | 3.69 |
Washington Unified | 6 | 1.12 | 3.69 |
Poway Unified | 6 | 1.1 | 3.66 |
Sonora Union High | 6 | 1.08 | 3.58 |
Alameda Unified | 6 | 1.07 | 3.54 |
Upland Unified | 6 | 1.07 | 3.54 |
Cotati-Rohnert Park Unified | 6 | 1.07 | 3.54 |
Yucaipa-Calimesa Joint Unified | 6 | 1.06 | 3.51 |
Brawley Union High | 6 | 1.06 | 3.51 |
Washington Unified | 6 | 1.05 | 3.47 |
Delano Joint Union High | 6 | 1.04 | 3.43 |
San Jacinto Unified | 6 | 1.04 | 3.43 |
El Dorado County Office of Edu | 6 | 1.04 | 3.43 |
Azusa Unified | 6 | 1.02 | 3.39 |
Glendora Unified | 6 | 1.02 | 3.39 |
Beaumont Unified | 6 | 1.02 | 3.39 |
Monrovia Unified | 6 | 1 | 3.32 |
Lompoc Unified | 6 | 0.98 | 3.24 |
Fallbrook Union High | 6 | 0.98 | 3.24 |
San Benito High | 6 | 0.97 | 3.2 |
New Jerusalem Elementary | 5 | 0.96 | 3.17 |
Konocti Unified | 5 | 0.96 | 3.17 |
Kings Canyon Joint Unified | 5 | 0.94 | 3.13 |
Patterson Joint Unified | 5 | 0.94 | 3.13 |
Dehesa Elementary | 5 | 0.89 | 2.94 |
Duarte Unified | 5 | 0.89 | 2.94 |
Dixon Unified | 5 | 0.89 | 2.94 |
Lucia Mar Unified | 5 | 0.87 | 2.86 |
Monterey Peninsula Unified | 5 | 0.85 | 2.83 |
Newark Unified | 5 | 0.85 | 2.83 |
Rim of the World Unified | 5 | 0.85 | 2.83 |
Soledad Unified | 5 | 0.84 | 2.79 |
Novato Unified | 5 | 0.83 | 2.75 |
Julian Union Elementary | 5 | 0.83 | 2.75 |
San Dieguito Union High | 5 | 0.82 | 2.71 |
Westside Elementary | 5 | 0.82 | 2.71 |
Lake Tahoe Unified | 5 | 0.81 | 2.68 |
Acalanes Union High | 5 | 0.8 | 2.64 |
Parlier Unified | 4 | 0.79 | 2.6 |
Tamalpais Union High | 4 | 0.77 | 2.56 |
Selma Unified | 4 | 0.77 | 2.56 |
Santa Monica-Malibu Unified | 4 | 0.75 | 2.49 |
Red Bluff Joint Union High | 4 | 0.75 | 2.49 |
Travis Unified | 4 | 0.75 | 2.49 |
North Monterey County Unified | 4 | 0.75 | 2.49 |
Moorpark Unified | 4 | 0.74 | 2.45 |
Galt Joint Union High | 4 | 0.74 | 2.45 |
Oro Grande Elementary | 4 | 0.74 | 2.45 |
Gateway Unified | 4 | 0.74 | 2.45 |
Livermore Valley Joint Unified | 4 | 0.71 | 2.34 |
Taft Union High | 4 | 0.71 | 2.34 |
San Rafael City High | 4 | 0.69 | 2.3 |
Waterford Unified | 4 | 0.68 | 2.26 |
Kerman Unified | 4 | 0.68 | 2.26 |
McFarland Unified | 4 | 0.68 | 2.26 |
Murrieta Valley Unified | 4 | 0.67 | 2.22 |
Carlsbad Unified | 4 | 0.66 | 2.19 |
John Swett Unified | 4 | 0.66 | 2.19 |
Yuba County Office of Educatio | 4 | 0.65 | 2.15 |
Windsor Unified | 4 | 0.63 | 2.07 |
Santa Cruz County Office of Ed | 4 | 0.63 | 2.07 |
Pajaro Valley Unified | 4 | 0.61 | 2.04 |
Santa Cruz City High | 4 | 0.61 | 2.04 |
Ripon Unified | 4 | 0.61 | 2.04 |
Bishop Unified | 3 | 0.6 | 2 |
Alhambra Unified | 3 | 0.59 | 1.96 |
Linden Unified | 3 | 0.59 | 1.96 |
West Sonoma County Union High | 3 | 0.58 | 1.92 |
Palo Verde Unified | 3 | 0.58 | 1.92 |
Claremont Unified | 3 | 0.57 | 1.88 |
Dublin Unified | 3 | 0.57 | 1.88 |
Mojave Unified | 3 | 0.57 | 1.88 |
Sonoma Valley Unified | 3 | 0.55 | 1.81 |
Paradise Unified | 3 | 0.55 | 1.81 |
Calaveras Unified | 3 | 0.55 | 1.81 |
Corcoran Joint Unified | 3 | 0.53 | 1.77 |
Santa Paula Unified | 3 | 0.52 | 1.73 |
Raisin City Elementary | 3 | 0.52 | 1.73 |
Sierra Sands Unified | 3 | 0.51 | 1.7 |
Banning Unified | 3 | 0.51 | 1.7 |
Yosemite Unified | 3 | 0.51 | 1.7 |
Ramona City Unified | 3 | 0.5 | 1.66 |
Atascadero Unified | 3 | 0.5 | 1.66 |
Dinuba Unified | 3 | 0.49 | 1.62 |
Chowchilla Union High | 3 | 0.49 | 1.62 |
Riverbank Unified | 3 | 0.49 | 1.62 |
Hilmar Unified | 3 | 0.49 | 1.62 |
Healdsburg Unified | 3 | 0.49 | 1.62 |
Los Gatos-Saratoga Joint Union | 3 | 0.48 | 1.58 |
Charter Oak Unified | 3 | 0.48 | 1.58 |
Mountain Empire Unified | 3 | 0.48 | 1.58 |
Eureka City Schools | 3 | 0.47 | 1.55 |
Las Virgenes Unified | 3 | 0.46 | 1.51 |
Fillmore Unified | 3 | 0.46 | 1.51 |
Martinez Unified | 3 | 0.44 | 1.47 |
Dos Palos Oro Loma Joint Unifi | 3 | 0.44 | 1.47 |
Butte County Office of Educati | 3 | 0.44 | 1.47 |
Tehachapi Unified | 2 | 0.42 | 1.39 |
Mono County Office of Educatio | 2 | 0.42 | 1.39 |
Wasco Union High | 2 | 0.41 | 1.36 |
Escalon Unified | 2 | 0.41 | 1.36 |
Siskiyou Union High | 2 | 0.41 | 1.36 |
Culver City Unified | 2 | 0.39 | 1.28 |
Cabrillo Unified | 2 | 0.38 | 1.24 |
Muroc Joint Unified | 2 | 0.38 | 1.24 |
Brea-Olinda Unified | 2 | 0.36 | 1.21 |
Gridley Unified | 2 | 0.36 | 1.21 |
Fort Bragg Unified | 2 | 0.36 | 1.21 |
Cloverdale Unified | 2 | 0.36 | 1.21 |
Corning Union High | 2 | 0.35 | 1.17 |
West Park Elementary | 2 | 0.35 | 1.17 |
Palo Alto Unified | 2 | 0.33 | 1.09 |
Tahoe-Truckee Unified | 2 | 0.33 | 1.09 |
Firebaugh-Las Deltas Unified | 2 | 0.33 | 1.09 |
River Delta Joint Unified | 2 | 0.33 | 1.09 |
Humboldt County Office of Educ | 2 | 0.32 | 1.06 |
Winters Joint Unified | 2 | 0.32 | 1.06 |
Bassett Unified | 2 | 0.31 | 1.02 |
Denair Unified | 2 | 0.31 | 1.02 |
Hughson Unified | 2 | 0.31 | 1.02 |
Armona Union Elementary | 2 | 0.3 | 0.98 |
Sierra Unified | 2 | 0.3 | 0.98 |
Golden Plains Unified | 2 | 0.3 | 0.98 |
Bear Valley Unified | 2 | 0.28 | 0.94 |
Live Oak Unified | 2 | 0.27 | 0.9 |
Willows Unified | 2 | 0.27 | 0.9 |
Lakeside Union Elementary | 1 | 0.25 | 0.83 |
Mountain View-Los Altos Union | 1 | 0.24 | 0.79 |
Plumas Unified | 1 | 0.23 | 0.75 |
Gustine Unified | 1 | 0.23 | 0.75 |
Spencer Valley Elementary | 1 | 0.22 | 0.72 |
Woodlake Unified | 1 | 0.22 | 0.72 |
Morgan Hill Unified | 1 | 0.2 | 0.68 |
La Canada Unified | 1 | 0.2 | 0.68 |
Imperial Unified | 1 | 0.2 | 0.68 |
Mendota Unified | 1 | 0.2 | 0.68 |
Yreka Union High | 1 | 0.2 | 0.68 |
Carpinteria Unified | 1 | 0.2 | 0.68 |
Le Grand Union High | 1 | 0.2 | 0.68 |
Riverdale Joint Unified | 1 | 0.2 | 0.68 |
Oak Park Unified | 1 | 0.19 | 0.64 |
Newman-Crows Landing Unified | 1 | 0.19 | 0.64 |
Wheatland Union High | 1 | 0.19 | 0.64 |
Fowler Unified | 1 | 0.19 | 0.64 |
Black Oak Mine Unified | 1 | 0.19 | 0.64 |
Exeter Unified | 1 | 0.18 | 0.6 |
Marcum-Illinois Union Elementa | 1 | 0.18 | 0.6 |
Gorman Elementary | 1 | 0.15 | 0.49 |
Sutter Union High | 1 | 0.15 | 0.49 |
Scotts Valley Unified | 1 | 0.09 | 0.3 |
Caruthers Unified | 1 | 0.09 | 0.3 |
Arcadia Unified | 0 | 0.08 | 0.26 |
San Bernardino County Office o | 0 | 0 | 0 |
San Ramon Valley Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Tustin Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Walnut Valley Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
San Diego County Office of Edu | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Jefferson Union High | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
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Beverly Hills Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
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Sacramento County Office of Ed | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Acton-Agua Dulce Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Northern Humboldt Union High | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
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Madera County Office of Educat | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
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Calfironia Educatiion Authority Headquarters | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Lennox | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Kingsburg Joint Union High | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
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SBC - High Tech High | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Cutler-Orosi Joint Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
San Lorenzo Valley Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Ojai Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Wiseburn Elementary | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Lassen Union High | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Sonoma County Office of Educat | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Templeton Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Summerville Union High | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
San Francisco County Office of | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
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Bret Harte Union High | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Mariposa County Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Santa Barbara County Office of | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Stone Corral Elementary | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Orland Joint Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
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Holtville Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Golden Valley Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Maricopa Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Pacific Grove Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Solano County Office of Educat | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
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Willits Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Orcutt Union Elementary | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
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Lawndale Elementary | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
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Saint Helena Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Colusa Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Hawthorne | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Jefferson Elementary | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Silver Valley Unified | #VALUE! | ** | ** |
Manhattan Beach Unified | #VALUE! | * | * |
South Pasadena Unified | #VALUE! | * | * |
The UCLA Civil Rights Project at the Center for Civil Rights Remedies | http://bit.ly/2mitAlg
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